Human development runs through his whole life. Generational change is accompanied by progress in society. So the design of the house changes over time. Multi-storey stone buildings appeared, and roofs made of skins or thatch replaced metal and slate. The formation of new ideas in architecture led to the use of attic space for household needs and made it possible to solve residential problems.
France has become the homeland of living spaces under the roof. And the first architect who equipped the living rooms at the top of the house was François Mansard. The dissemination of his ideas in Paris was promoted by laws of the time, according to which the amount of tax on a house was determined by its number of storeys. In the legislation of that time, the attic was not considered as a floor.
Part of the space (residential, non-residential) located in the attic used for household needs is called the attic. The concept came from the name of the architect. Originally used as housing for the poor, over time it turned into an item of prosperity, luxury and proper house planning.
According to the terminology of normative acts of the USSR, and after the CIS countries, the attic is defined as a floor. Its area is considered in total quadrature, it is registered in the BTI, subject to the conditions of its suitability for living throughout the year and the availability of heating. The attic floor has a ceiling, which is the roof of the building itself, so its facade is located at an angle.
Distinctive features of the attic from the second floor
The standard design of the second floor is determined by the walls located vertically, and the parallelism between the surfaces of the ceiling and floor. Attic there are no direct facades. When comparing simple floors with attics, the following differences can be distinguished:
The roof structure determines the height of the attic rooms, which is different at each point;
The standard second floor has the same quadrature as its predecessor. Roof rooms are less space;
A two-story house carries a large load on the soil, respectively, this is taken into account when designing the foundation;
The walls located vertically at the second floor should be higher than one and a half meters, and those under the roof should be lower;
The attic is superior in illumination to any other floors, this is achieved due to the inclined arrangement of window openings;
The slope of the walls also reduces the amount of air in the room, due to its reduced total quadrature;
Houses with different variations of the second floors differ in appearance.The floor under the roof gives the house an original look.
Advantages and disadvantages of the attic floor
The layout and reconstruction of the house make us consider the possibility of increasing the living space at minimal cost. This idea allows you to embody the construction or superstructure (on an existing structure) of the attic. When choosing such an option to use the under-roof space, the owner evaluates the benefits received from this alternative, and what he will lose. Consider the advantages of choosing what it gives:
The ability to use old buildings as a base;
Get savings in building materials due to the lack of walls;
The increase in useful living space;
Improve the general appearance of the building;
Use different design ideas related to the slope of the ceiling;
Reduce heat loss through the roof;
Use a well-lit room.
The disadvantages include the following:
Rapid heating of the building as a whole in hot weather;
Inadequate use of usable area;
Angled ceilings make wall space uncomfortable.
Design and device
The project is the basis of construction. Drawing up documentation requires special knowledge. When designing, many factors are taken into account that determine the final appearance. Such moments include visual perception, useful living space, the slope of the structure and its resistance to weather (water runoff, snow sliding), accessibility to communications, correspondence of the bearing walls to future loads, the choice of building materials taking into account financial capabilities and many other calculations related to construction.
Design - an important point in the creation of the attic, which can be made based on the structure of the structure. Consider the elements that make up the structure:
The device of the rafters. The pillar of the entire roof is Mauerlat. It is a beam fixed to the top of a load-bearing wall. The rafters are attached to it.They create a frame, and determine the type of roof. On top of the rafters, a crate is placed. In addition, the device includes racks, pendants, crossbars, floors, other elements.
Vapor barrier. Protects roof elements from penetration and absorption of vapors. Represented by single-layer, multi-layer, reflective films.
Warming. The technology consists in laying the material between the rafters. As a heater, you can use any basis other than those prohibited for installation in residential buildings.
Waterproofing the room. Mandatory element of the roof. It protects the rafters from rotting, and the insulation from getting wet. As the material used polymer film membranes or perforated films.
Not to be confused with vapor barrier films, which protect only from vapors formed during the course of life.
Ventilation. Air exchange is an important element of the roof. The microclimate, as well as the evaporation of moisture from the insulation layer, depends on it. Depending on the roofing material, the required clearance for the air flow is selected.
Heating. You can create heating in various ways. The most rational will be to connect to an existing system. But it doesn’t matter, you can use electric appliances, install a fireplace, install autonomous heating, designed only for this particular place.
Types, sizes and shapes of the attic floor
The presence of strict regulation distinguishes the attic from the attic. The minimum values of height from the floor are registered, tables of roof slopes are compiled, even its areas are indicated, depending on certain parameters. But all the roofs differ in the types of devices that can be combined. Consider the existing types of roofs.
Pent roof
It is rarely used in construction. It is associated with its main drawback - it retains heat poorly, so additional insulation is required.It differs in simple installation compared to other types, due to the lack of a ridge in its design.
When designing a house with such a roof, the windy side is taken into account and the roof slope is placed towards it. The whole structure is attached to logs (Mauerlat) located on walls of different heights. An important point of such a system is the slope angle. It should be more than 40 degrees. To accurately determine the angle, the type of coating, the span, the loads created by precipitation (snow) are taken into account. The wall, located on the slope side, receives the maximum load, which also must be taken into account when designing the project.
Gable
A common version of the roof. It is a structure consisting of two inclined planes that are connected at the top joint by a ridge. The small number of slopes and one point of contact significantly reduce construction costs, increases the strength of the structure.
Depending on the angle of inclination of the slopes, the roofs are divided into gently sloping (plane angle less than 45 degrees), standard (equal to 45), peaked (60 degrees). The climatic conditions of the region are the first criterion when choosing the sharpness of the corner.
The location of the ridge in the center or offset from it makes the roof symmetrical and asymmetric, respectively. The rooms are characterized by trapezoidal shapes, however, if the width of the structure allows, create square models. In the production of a standard two-plane coating, rafters of the hanging type are used. This view does not include additional beams. The walls serve as a support.
Broken line
This is a kind of gable roof. In its design, the planes have several different tilt angles. In the standard version, the ramp is divided into a pair of parts that “break” in a certain place. It is the best option for the construction of the attic.The structure allows the most efficient use of the attic space.
The roof is typical for square-shaped houses. A feature of such a roof is that the angle of the upper slope plane is small - up to 30 degrees, and the bottom reaches 80. This allows you to make high ceilings that give the impression of a full room. The difference lies in the rafter system, it has a combined structure, including ridge rafters at the very top (hanging) and layers on the sides. Broken design can be multi-slope.
Four-Slope
The design has a complex structure. It is erected less often than other types. It is selected, if necessary, so that the house has a special appearance, differs from standard buildings. To build such a roof with your own hands is problematic. The design phase requires complex calculations.
Slopes in the form of isosceles triangles that touch at the peak of the structure characterize the four-slope covering of the house. The geometric shapes viewed from above divide the roofs into views. Upon receipt of the square, the roof is called a hipped roof, a rectangle - hip, which, in turn, is divided into classic and half-hip.
The advantages of the structures include aerodynamic qualities, protection of the walls from various kinds of precipitation, the ability to use it on old buildings. And the disadvantages are the reduction of the attic space (caused by the complexity of the design), the high cost, the complexity of technical calculations.
With a balcony
Many projects have balconies or loggias that allow you to increase the functionality of the attic space. The outbuildings have their own characteristics, they make it possible to organize a resting place in the fresh air, in the event of a fire hazard, serve as an escape route, however, they require significant investment and reduce thermal insulation.
There are several types of designs with a balcony.The most popular and sought-after type is an extension located on the side of the pediment. It is located under the roof, which does not require additional awnings. The balcony can be located in the roofing part, however, in this case, the construction of separate ceilings will be required. The third extension is a balcony-window. To protect against weather conditions, the open balcony is glazed.
Windows for the attic
Designing a house with a living attic space is accompanied by many tasks. Selection and rational placement of windows is one of them. The presence of window openings not only solves the problem of lighting, but also improves the overall design of the building. All windows are systematized by specific properties: the location relative to the base of the structure, the method of opening, the type of glass used, the raw materials of the window.
Windows can be positioned in two ways, in tilted and vertical positions. The pediment and the cuckoo are places for mounting straight structures, the ramps are for inclined, one plane with them. Angled openings give the room more light.
Windows designed for installation in the attic make lightweight. The most common option is single-chamber, two-chamber are rarely used. In the first case, the design consists of two sheets of glass, in the second of three. Glasses are also divided into types. They can be hardened, have a metallized coating, consist of several layers.
Use the handle to open the window. There are models with remote control. The difference lies in the location of the opening axis, which can be horizontal and vertical. The raw materials for the window frames are wood, metal-plastic and aluminum.
Materials used for decoration
The final stage of construction work is finishing, which includes a number of sequential actions related to the design of the floor, walls and ceiling.You can invite specialists for this activity, but if you wish, you can show the master class yourself. For finishing work, certain materials are often selected:
Lining. The material is easy to install, has thermal insulation properties. The raw materials for the manufacture are plastic, wood, MDF. The classic option is a wooden board. It has ecological properties and allows the walls to "breathe". The disadvantages include the characteristics of wood, namely its small moisture resistance and vulnerability to temperature extremes, so the roof should be well insulated.
Plywood. This building material can easily replace the finish of other types of raw materials. It does not require topcoat, evens out walls. You can stick wallpaper on plywood or simply apply a coat of paint. The material is obtained by gluing veneers. Plywood is divided into three types: building, laminated, waterproof. The choice of such an option will allow you to save significantly, while getting high-quality finishing material.
Block house. Imitating a rounded log, the material will make it possible to create a unique atmosphere in the room. The presence of a spike groove makes it easy to install this building material. For interior decoration, the beam is released thinner, but even so, it “eats” part of the usable area.
Drywall. Universal building material. Allows you to align the walls, thanks to its flat surface. Even beginners can work with it. Drywall sheet is lightweight, it is easy to cut, it can be sheathed with any surface complexity. However, the installation should take into account the specifics of the raw material. Sheets are fragile, quickly absorb moisture and swell, are not designed to accommodate heavy objects on their surface.
In addition to the above, PVC panels, stretch ceiling, decorative plaster, laminate, facing brick, wallpaper and many other building materials can be used in the decoration.
Zoning space
The marking of functional zones will be useful if the attic has a large area that several people can use. There are several methods used in zoning:
use of furniture;
the use of decorative elements;
installation of special designs;
combination of different finishing materials.
In the implementation of the visual division of space, they are always guided by a set of rules that apply to all methods of zoning. Basic markup standards must comply with:
The staircase should be neutral in relation to the available rooms;
The section boundary should not affect the window;
Do not use additional structures in small areas;
Items used for division should not impede free movement;
The living area is in the most illuminated place.
Arrangement and design
The attic is able to serve for various purposes, it can accommodate an office, bathroom, bedroom - the choice is unlimited. Everything depends on the imagination and wishes of the owner of the attic space. The presence of walls located at an angle is the main charm and lack of structure.
The design of the roof space is influenced by the shape of the roof, on which the geometry of the rooms depends; the location of the building with the attic - apartment, suburban, country house.
Living room
The interior of the room should be representative. They welcome guests here or just spend an evening with their families. There are a lot of interior styles, with their help you can equip from a small room with a low ceiling to a large room. Consider the application of some of them:
Scandinavian. The style combines minimalism with eco-themes. There is no place for plastic, paints, polymers. The emphasis is on clean materials and simple forms. Oversized furniture, a tall cabinet are not allowed.It is distinguished by a combination of rarity with modern trends. The main color is white.
Loft. It is used in unrestricted, spacious rooms. It is characterized by the absence of partitions, rough decoration of the walls. Due to the presence of industrial elements and the lack of decoration, there is an imitation of the room, as non-residential or abandoned.
Minimalism. The interior of the room should have a minimum of color shades, objects. The juxtaposition of black and white is a basic requirement of style. For a living room in a minimalist way, one sofa, a wardrobe is enough, even a single shelf is enough. Curtains are also chosen in this style. They should be inconspicuous and not contain patterns.
Bedroom
For the arrangement of the room, it is not necessary to have high ceilings and unlimited area. A bed, a lamp, a soft rug, a chandelier and a bedside table are the minimum set of furniture set that will create comfort. If the room is not cramped and there is free space, then it is good to put a wardrobe.
In the interior and decoration of the bedroom they use exclusively natural materials represented by wood and neutral glass. In terms of color, preference is given to light shades that create an atmosphere of calm.
Children's and game rooms
Children's laughter in the house is the greatest joy of any parent. The bedroom of the child has a special atmosphere. The attic room for the baby will become his favorite place. Decorating a bedroom for a child is a very exciting process.
The equipment for the nursery is the same as the arrangement of any other living space under the roof. The bevel of the wall can be leveled by arranging a niche for storing toys in the lower corner of the convergence. Perform zoning of the room, dividing it into places of rest, leisure, training. Be sure to choose the appropriate background. If there are supporting posts supporting the beams in the attic, they must be sheathed with soft material.When choosing furniture, focus on the absence of sharp corners.
Cabinet
Cabinet - a separate room for performing work at home. A place where no one can interfere with the creative process. It is the attic that satisfies all these requirements, due to its isolation from the rest of the house. Closing the door, you can work on the computer, read a book, create a project.
Furniture in the office occupies a key position, as it creates its atmosphere. Standard set - table, bookcase, sofa, work chair. Unlike ordinary rooms, the attic table is placed near the window. It is necessary to approach the selection of all elements of furniture very responsibly, every detail is important here.
Bathroom
The attic is more suitable for relaxing, spending leisure time and, it would seem, the bathroom is out of place here. But such a building has its positive aspects. If there is enough space under the roof, then you can combine several rooms at once, including a bathroom. The main requirement of such a building is the availability of appropriate communications.
Limited height, sloping walls require a special way to choose plumbing equipment. This also applies to finishing materials, they must be moisture resistant. It is advisable to equip a window in the interior of the room, which will compensate for the enclosed space. There must be a mirror, a holder for towels.
Furniture selection
The room determines the setting. The choice of furniture depends on the purpose of the room. You can’t put a bar in the bathtub. After all, a kitchen is suitable for her, but rather a studio. Tricuspid and wardrobe will look good in the bedroom or hall. In addition to a rational view of placement, when choosing furniture and its accessories, you should consider its future compatibility with the interior of the room. The non-standard form of the rooms in the attic makes you wonder how to better furnish it.If the bed can be placed under the bevel of the wall, then the closet is best placed near the pediment.
Lighting
When creating a project for attic lighting, many factors are taken into account: the number of windows, their throughput are calculated, even the roof covering material and the type of structure are taken into account. The required amount of light is calculated in the dark.
During the day, natural lighting occurs, in the evening - combined with artificial, at night - only general, which is divided into uniform and localized. The latter include portable lamps, floor lamps, sconces. Uniform implies all types of ceiling-type lamps, from LED to neon tubes.
Conclusion
Francois Mansard, who brought to life the idea of making an attic a living room, can be called a classic of architecture. The rooms under the roof have become popular, they are being built both in houses located in the country house and in guest houses built on their own plots. Many ideas for using the attic are embodied. It allows not only to increase the useful area of the house, but also gives it a special look.
Human development runs through his whole life. Generational change is accompanied by progress in society. So the design of the house changes over time. Multi-storey stone buildings appeared, and roofs made of skins or thatch replaced metal and slate. The formation of new ideas in architecture led to the use of attic space for household needs and made it possible to solve residential problems.
Content
Attic floor - what is it
France has become the homeland of living spaces under the roof. And the first architect who equipped the living rooms at the top of the house was François Mansard. The dissemination of his ideas in Paris was promoted by laws of the time, according to which the amount of tax on a house was determined by its number of storeys. In the legislation of that time, the attic was not considered as a floor.
Part of the space (residential, non-residential) located in the attic used for household needs is called the attic. The concept came from the name of the architect. Originally used as housing for the poor, over time it turned into an item of prosperity, luxury and proper house planning.
According to the terminology of normative acts of the USSR, and after the CIS countries, the attic is defined as a floor. Its area is considered in total quadrature, it is registered in the BTI, subject to the conditions of its suitability for living throughout the year and the availability of heating. The attic floor has a ceiling, which is the roof of the building itself, so its facade is located at an angle.
Distinctive features of the attic from the second floor
The standard design of the second floor is determined by the walls located vertically, and the parallelism between the surfaces of the ceiling and floor. Attic there are no direct facades. When comparing simple floors with attics, the following differences can be distinguished:
Advantages and disadvantages of the attic floor
The layout and reconstruction of the house make us consider the possibility of increasing the living space at minimal cost. This idea allows you to embody the construction or superstructure (on an existing structure) of the attic. When choosing such an option to use the under-roof space, the owner evaluates the benefits received from this alternative, and what he will lose. Consider the advantages of choosing what it gives:
The disadvantages include the following:
Design and device
The project is the basis of construction. Drawing up documentation requires special knowledge. When designing, many factors are taken into account that determine the final appearance. Such moments include visual perception, useful living space, the slope of the structure and its resistance to weather (water runoff, snow sliding), accessibility to communications, correspondence of the bearing walls to future loads, the choice of building materials taking into account financial capabilities and many other calculations related to construction.
Design - an important point in the creation of the attic, which can be made based on the structure of the structure. Consider the elements that make up the structure:
Types, sizes and shapes of the attic floor
The presence of strict regulation distinguishes the attic from the attic. The minimum values of height from the floor are registered, tables of roof slopes are compiled, even its areas are indicated, depending on certain parameters. But all the roofs differ in the types of devices that can be combined. Consider the existing types of roofs.
Pent roof
It is rarely used in construction. It is associated with its main drawback - it retains heat poorly, so additional insulation is required.It differs in simple installation compared to other types, due to the lack of a ridge in its design.
When designing a house with such a roof, the windy side is taken into account and the roof slope is placed towards it. The whole structure is attached to logs (Mauerlat) located on walls of different heights. An important point of such a system is the slope angle. It should be more than 40 degrees. To accurately determine the angle, the type of coating, the span, the loads created by precipitation (snow) are taken into account. The wall, located on the slope side, receives the maximum load, which also must be taken into account when designing the project.
Gable
A common version of the roof. It is a structure consisting of two inclined planes that are connected at the top joint by a ridge. The small number of slopes and one point of contact significantly reduce construction costs, increases the strength of the structure.
Depending on the angle of inclination of the slopes, the roofs are divided into gently sloping (plane angle less than 45 degrees), standard (equal to 45), peaked (60 degrees). The climatic conditions of the region are the first criterion when choosing the sharpness of the corner.
The location of the ridge in the center or offset from it makes the roof symmetrical and asymmetric, respectively. The rooms are characterized by trapezoidal shapes, however, if the width of the structure allows, create square models. In the production of a standard two-plane coating, rafters of the hanging type are used. This view does not include additional beams. The walls serve as a support.
Broken line
This is a kind of gable roof. In its design, the planes have several different tilt angles. In the standard version, the ramp is divided into a pair of parts that “break” in a certain place. It is the best option for the construction of the attic.The structure allows the most efficient use of the attic space.
The roof is typical for square-shaped houses. A feature of such a roof is that the angle of the upper slope plane is small - up to 30 degrees, and the bottom reaches 80. This allows you to make high ceilings that give the impression of a full room. The difference lies in the rafter system, it has a combined structure, including ridge rafters at the very top (hanging) and layers on the sides. Broken design can be multi-slope.
Four-Slope
The design has a complex structure. It is erected less often than other types. It is selected, if necessary, so that the house has a special appearance, differs from standard buildings. To build such a roof with your own hands is problematic. The design phase requires complex calculations.
Slopes in the form of isosceles triangles that touch at the peak of the structure characterize the four-slope covering of the house. The geometric shapes viewed from above divide the roofs into views. Upon receipt of the square, the roof is called a hipped roof, a rectangle - hip, which, in turn, is divided into classic and half-hip.
The advantages of the structures include aerodynamic qualities, protection of the walls from various kinds of precipitation, the ability to use it on old buildings. And the disadvantages are the reduction of the attic space (caused by the complexity of the design), the high cost, the complexity of technical calculations.
With a balcony
Many projects have balconies or loggias that allow you to increase the functionality of the attic space. The outbuildings have their own characteristics, they make it possible to organize a resting place in the fresh air, in the event of a fire hazard, serve as an escape route, however, they require significant investment and reduce thermal insulation.
There are several types of designs with a balcony.The most popular and sought-after type is an extension located on the side of the pediment. It is located under the roof, which does not require additional awnings. The balcony can be located in the roofing part, however, in this case, the construction of separate ceilings will be required. The third extension is a balcony-window. To protect against weather conditions, the open balcony is glazed.
Windows for the attic
Designing a house with a living attic space is accompanied by many tasks. Selection and rational placement of windows is one of them. The presence of window openings not only solves the problem of lighting, but also improves the overall design of the building. All windows are systematized by specific properties: the location relative to the base of the structure, the method of opening, the type of glass used, the raw materials of the window.
Windows can be positioned in two ways, in tilted and vertical positions. The pediment and the cuckoo are places for mounting straight structures, the ramps are for inclined, one plane with them. Angled openings give the room more light.
Windows designed for installation in the attic make lightweight. The most common option is single-chamber, two-chamber are rarely used. In the first case, the design consists of two sheets of glass, in the second of three. Glasses are also divided into types. They can be hardened, have a metallized coating, consist of several layers.
Use the handle to open the window. There are models with remote control. The difference lies in the location of the opening axis, which can be horizontal and vertical. The raw materials for the window frames are wood, metal-plastic and aluminum.
Materials used for decoration
The final stage of construction work is finishing, which includes a number of sequential actions related to the design of the floor, walls and ceiling.You can invite specialists for this activity, but if you wish, you can show the master class yourself. For finishing work, certain materials are often selected:
Zoning space
The marking of functional zones will be useful if the attic has a large area that several people can use. There are several methods used in zoning:
In the implementation of the visual division of space, they are always guided by a set of rules that apply to all methods of zoning. Basic markup standards must comply with:
Arrangement and design
The attic is able to serve for various purposes, it can accommodate an office, bathroom, bedroom - the choice is unlimited. Everything depends on the imagination and wishes of the owner of the attic space. The presence of walls located at an angle is the main charm and lack of structure.
The design of the roof space is influenced by the shape of the roof, on which the geometry of the rooms depends; the location of the building with the attic - apartment, suburban, country house.
Living room
The interior of the room should be representative. They welcome guests here or just spend an evening with their families. There are a lot of interior styles, with their help you can equip from a small room with a low ceiling to a large room. Consider the application of some of them:
Bedroom
For the arrangement of the room, it is not necessary to have high ceilings and unlimited area. A bed, a lamp, a soft rug, a chandelier and a bedside table are the minimum set of furniture set that will create comfort. If the room is not cramped and there is free space, then it is good to put a wardrobe.
In the interior and decoration of the bedroom they use exclusively natural materials represented by wood and neutral glass. In terms of color, preference is given to light shades that create an atmosphere of calm.
Children's and game rooms
Children's laughter in the house is the greatest joy of any parent. The bedroom of the child has a special atmosphere. The attic room for the baby will become his favorite place. Decorating a bedroom for a child is a very exciting process.
The equipment for the nursery is the same as the arrangement of any other living space under the roof. The bevel of the wall can be leveled by arranging a niche for storing toys in the lower corner of the convergence. Perform zoning of the room, dividing it into places of rest, leisure, training. Be sure to choose the appropriate background. If there are supporting posts supporting the beams in the attic, they must be sheathed with soft material.When choosing furniture, focus on the absence of sharp corners.
Cabinet
Cabinet - a separate room for performing work at home. A place where no one can interfere with the creative process. It is the attic that satisfies all these requirements, due to its isolation from the rest of the house. Closing the door, you can work on the computer, read a book, create a project.
Furniture in the office occupies a key position, as it creates its atmosphere. Standard set - table, bookcase, sofa, work chair. Unlike ordinary rooms, the attic table is placed near the window. It is necessary to approach the selection of all elements of furniture very responsibly, every detail is important here.
Bathroom
The attic is more suitable for relaxing, spending leisure time and, it would seem, the bathroom is out of place here. But such a building has its positive aspects. If there is enough space under the roof, then you can combine several rooms at once, including a bathroom. The main requirement of such a building is the availability of appropriate communications.
Limited height, sloping walls require a special way to choose plumbing equipment. This also applies to finishing materials, they must be moisture resistant. It is advisable to equip a window in the interior of the room, which will compensate for the enclosed space. There must be a mirror, a holder for towels.
Furniture selection
The room determines the setting. The choice of furniture depends on the purpose of the room. You can’t put a bar in the bathtub. After all, a kitchen is suitable for her, but rather a studio. Tricuspid and wardrobe will look good in the bedroom or hall. In addition to a rational view of placement, when choosing furniture and its accessories, you should consider its future compatibility with the interior of the room. The non-standard form of the rooms in the attic makes you wonder how to better furnish it.If the bed can be placed under the bevel of the wall, then the closet is best placed near the pediment.
Lighting
When creating a project for attic lighting, many factors are taken into account: the number of windows, their throughput are calculated, even the roof covering material and the type of structure are taken into account. The required amount of light is calculated in the dark.
During the day, natural lighting occurs, in the evening - combined with artificial, at night - only general, which is divided into uniform and localized. The latter include portable lamps, floor lamps, sconces. Uniform implies all types of ceiling-type lamps, from LED to neon tubes.
Conclusion
Francois Mansard, who brought to life the idea of making an attic a living room, can be called a classic of architecture. The rooms under the roof have become popular, they are being built both in houses located in the country house and in guest houses built on their own plots. Many ideas for using the attic are embodied. It allows not only to increase the useful area of the house, but also gives it a special look.